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Cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.

An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Virtually every single cell in the body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome.

Introduction.

As you begin to develop a budget for your research grant application and put all of the relevant costs down on paper, many questions may arise. Your best resources for answering these questions are the grants or sponsored programs office within your own institution, your departmental administrative officials, and your peers. They can answer questions such as:.

"To maintain our edge . . .

As you plan to write and submit an NIH application, it is important to know some important submission basics, such as what type of application will be needed (paper or electronic) and which forms are necessary, as well as links to contacts, important deadlines, a general timeline, and guidelines for tracking your application through the process. The following resources provide details on each of these elements:

NIH Grants Application Due Dates.

Gallstones and other gallbladder disorders rank among the most common and costly of all digestive system diseases.

NIH-funded scientists are exploring innovative ways to fix faulty organs and tissues or even grow new ones